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The high court repudiated the contention that political parties are private associations and held that discrimination aginst Blacks violated the 15th Amendment.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1944-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1944,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":1345,"FactUId":"a0b068b2-de9d-4b28-9712-3070fa4cd547","Slug":"civil-rights","FactType":"Event","Title":"Civil Rights","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/civil-rights","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Rainey, Ma(Gertrude Bridget) Born april 3, 1888. Known as theMother of the Blues, Ma Rainey was born in Columbus, Ga. She made her stage debut at the Columbus Opera House in 1900 in a talent show called The Bunch of Blackberries. She made her first recording in 1923 and her last on Dec 28, 1928. She died Dec 22, 1939, in Columbus, GA.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1888-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1888,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":751,"FactUId":"13a3a87c-0221-46cf-adcc-b10428deea93","Slug":"birthday-e","FactType":"Event","Title":"Birthday","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/birthday-e","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"By March 1964, Malcolm X had broken with the Nation of Islam.\u00A0 In the speech below, given on April 3, 1964 in Cleveland, he explains his departure and his reason for\u00A0establishing a separation between his religion and his politics.\u00A0 He also makes clear that those politics are still rooted in black nationalism and that his opposition to the non-violent approach of civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King is based on his belief that their efforts will delay and possibly deny forever complete\u00A0black liberation. \nMr. Moderator, Brother Lomax, brothers and sisters, friends and enemies: I just cant believe everyone in here is a friend, and I dont want to leave anybody out. The question tonight, as I understand it, is The Negro Revolt, and Where Do We Go From Here? or What Next? In my little humble way of understanding it, it points toward either the ballot or the bullet. \nBefore we try and explain what is meant by the ballot or the bullet, I would like to clarify something concerning myself. Im still a Muslim; my religion is still Islam. Thats my personal belief. Just as Adam Clayton Powell is a Christian minister who heads the Abyssinian Baptist Church in New York, but at the same time takes part in the political struggles to try and bring about rights to the black people in this country; and Dr. Martin Luther King is a Christian minister down in Atlanta, Georgia, who heads another organization fighting for the civil rights of black people in this country; and Reverend Galamison, I guess youve heard of him, is another Christian minister in New York who has been deeply involved in the school boycotts to eliminate segregated education; well, I myself am a minister, not a Christian minister, but a Muslim minister; and I believe in action on all fronts by whatever means necessary. \nAlthough Im still a Muslim, Im not here tonight to discuss my religion. Im not here to try and change your religion. Im not here to argue or discuss anything that we differ about, because its time for us to submerge our","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/malcolm_x.jpg","ImageHeight":300,"ImageWidth":223,"ImageOrientation":"portrait","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"de2ecbf0-5aa4-45ce-bbf9-9a6ac45f6ac8","SourceName":"Black Past","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.blackpast.org/","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1964-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1964,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","LastUpdatedBy":"ExtractionBotHub","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":7525,"FactUId":"bf9769ab-cd00-4500-bafa-457b888f87d3","Slug":"1964-malcolm-x-the-ballot-or-the-bullet","FactType":"Event","Title":"(1964) Malcolm X, \u201CThe Ballot or the Bullet\u201D","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/1964-malcolm-x-the-ballot-or-the-bullet","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Carter G. Woodson , in full Carter Godwin Woodson   (born Dec. 19, 1875, New Canton, Va., U.S.\u2014died  April 3, 1950, Washington, D.C.), American historian who first opened the long-neglected field of  black studies to scholars and also popularized the field in the schools and colleges of black people. To focus attention on black contributions to civilization, he founded (1926) Negro History Week.\nOf a poor family, Woodson supported himself by working in the coal mines of Kentucky and was thus unable to enroll in high school until he was 20. After graduating in less than two years, he taught high school, wrote articles, studied at home and abroad, and received his Ph.D. from Harvard University (1912). In 1915 he founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History to encourage scholars to engage in the intensive study of the black past. Prior to this work, the field had been largely neglected or distorted in the hands of historians who accepted the traditionally biased picture of blacks in American and world affairs. In 1916 Woodson edited the first issue of the association\u2019s principal scholarly publication, The Journal of Negro History, which, under his direction, remained an important historical periodical for more than 30 years.\nWoodson was dean of the College of Liberal Arts and head of the graduate faculty at Howard University, Washington, D.C. (1919\u201320), and dean at West Virginia State College, Institute, W.Va. (1920\u201322). While there, he founded and became president of Associated Publishers to bring out books on black life and culture, since experience had shown him that the usual publishing outlets were rarely interested in scholarly works on blacks.\nImportant works by Woodson include the widely consulted college text The Negro in Our History (1922; 10th ed., 1962); The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861 (1915); and A Century of Negro Migration (1918). He was at work on a projected six-volume Encyclopaedia Africana at the time of his death.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/media1.britannica.com/eb-media/76/126976-004-dd02cab0.jpg","ImageHeight":450,"ImageWidth":327,"ImageOrientation":"portrait","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"80689a34-9b7c-4d3a-91f8-56cabb44f365","SourceName":"Brittanica","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/search?query=black%20history","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1950-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1950,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","LastUpdatedBy":"ExtractionBotHub","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":9645,"FactUId":"449493cc-d46c-4a1c-a327-ad10cd4441a2","Slug":"carter-g-woodson-1","FactType":"Event","Title":"Carter G. Woodson","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/carter-g-woodson-1","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Eddie Robinson , byname of Edward Gay Robinson   (born Feb. 13, 1919, Jackson, La., U.S.\u2014died April 3, 2007, Ruston, La.), American collegiate gridiron football coach, who set a record (later surpassed) for most career wins (408). He spent his entire head-coach career at  Grambling State University in Louisiana. On Oct. 7, 1995, having guided Grambling to a 42\u20136 win over Mississippi Valley State, he became the first coach to claim 400 victories.\nRobinson attended Leland College in Baker, La., where he played quarterback and led the team to a combined 18\u20131 record over the 1939 and 1940 seasons. During his final two years at Leland, he also served as an assistant coach. He earned his bachelor\u2019s degree in 1941 and received a master\u2019s degree from the University of Iowa in 1954.\nIn 1941 Grambling (then known as Louisiana Negro Normal and Industrial Institute) hired Robinson to coach football and basketball and teach physical education. In his first season he had no assistants and no budget for replacing equipment. He handled virtually everything himself, from mowing the field to taping players\u2019 ankles to writing accounts of the games for the local newspaper. That season his team posted a record of 3\u20135. The next season, however, he guided the team to a perfect 8\u20130 record.\nRobinson\u2019s Grambling Tigers went on to have two more perfect seasons, capture 17 conference titles, and win several National Negro championships. In the 1960s, after several decades when football at historically black colleges went largely unnoticed by most football fans, Robinson\u2019s Grambling teams gained fame for sending more players into professional football than any school except Notre Dame. Among the more than 200 of his players who went on to compete in the National Football League were Hall of Fame members Willie Davis, Willie Brown, and Buck Buchanan. The racial integration of college football in the South in the 1970s ended this brief period of football glory for Grambling and other black colleges.\nSurpassing Bear Bryant\u2019s record for wins,","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/media1.britannica.com/eb-media/53/74853-004-4c4f7ca7.jpg","ImageHeight":441,"ImageWidth":570,"ImageOrientation":"landscape","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"80689a34-9b7c-4d3a-91f8-56cabb44f365","SourceName":"Brittanica","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/search?query=black%20history","SponsorId":"05f41a69-179a-47bc-8508-7c9d7a53954a","IsSponsored":true,"SponsorName":"Museum of African American History in Massachusetts","SmallSponsorLogoUrl":"24x24/maah-logo.jpg","SponsorUrl":"https://www.maah.org ","HasSmallSponsorLogo":true,"EffectiveDate":"2007-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":2007,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","LastUpdatedBy":"ExtractionBotHub","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":10255,"FactUId":"8d248918-9d7d-4200-96f8-c29736fef11d","Slug":"eddie-robinson","FactType":"Event","Title":"Eddie Robinson","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/eddie-robinson","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"S\u00E9kou Tour\u00E9 and the PDG remained in power until his death on April 3, 1984.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"c996ac0a-d532-48f6-89c4-79eaf9e982f6","SourceName":"Fact Monster - Black History","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.factmonster.com/black-history-month-activities-history-timeline-ideas-events-facts-quizzes","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1984-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1984,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":18715,"FactUId":"54201976-802a-461a-a176-aa83cde85823","Slug":"guinea--death","FactType":"Event","Title":"Guinea - Death","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/guinea--death","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Stokes died at the Cleveland Clinic on April 3, 1996 of complications related to his cancer.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/carl_stokes__bettman-corbis_.jpg","ImageHeight":229,"ImageWidth":350,"ImageOrientation":"landscape","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"de2ecbf0-5aa4-45ce-bbf9-9a6ac45f6ac8","SourceName":"Black Past","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.blackpast.org/","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1996-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1996,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":18748,"FactUId":"05e21c13-9b61-434e-a1f1-dbb91ad99de1","Slug":"stokes-carl-b-1927-1996--death","FactType":"Event","Title":"Stokes, Carl B. 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Second Division of Twenty-Fifth Corps helped chase Robert E. Lees army from Petersburg to Appomattox Court House, April 3-10. The Black division and white Union soldiers were advancing on General Lees trapped army with fixed bayonets when the Confederate troops surrendered.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","SponsorId":"fa2f9afd-7089-4f75-b6cc-7310752048d0","IsSponsored":true,"SponsorName":"Diversity In Action","SmallSponsorLogoUrl":"24x24/DiversityInAction-Logo-24.jpg","SponsorUrl":"https://diversityinaction.net/","HasSmallSponsorLogo":true,"EffectiveDate":"1865-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1865,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":1233,"FactUId":"301d5064-e900-4957-95a8-39491870daa9","Slug":"black-union-soliders","FactType":"Event","Title":"Black Union Soliders","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/black-union-soliders","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Eddie Murphy, 38, comedian Born Brooklyn, NY, April 3, 1961.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1961-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1961,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":1255,"FactUId":"a28d6871-30cb-46e2-bf33-6bc6a79f5f6c","Slug":"birthday-b","FactType":"Event","Title":"Birthday","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/birthday-b","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"A. B. Blackburn invented the spring seat for \nchairs, which became patent #380,420","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1888-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1888,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":1374,"FactUId":"15cd62a3-0581-44c8-a48e-70d3768b0608","Slug":"spring-seat-invented","FactType":"Event","Title":"Spring Seat Invented","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/spring-seat-invented","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Martin Luther King Jr. opened anti-segregation campaign in Birmingham. More than two thousand demonstrators, including King, were arrested before the campaign ended.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1963-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1963,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":2586,"FactUId":"b3238b04-fc5f-452e-8534-cc3bf4a3c8a9","Slug":"anti-segregation-campaign","FactType":"Event","Title":"Anti-Segregation Campaign","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/anti-segregation-campaign","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"April 3, 1962. In retaliation against a Black Boycott of downtown stores, the Birmingham,AL, City Commission voted not to pay the citys $45,000 share of a $100,000 county program which supplied surplus food to the needy. More than 90 percent of the recipients of aid were Black. When the NAACP protested the Comission decisions, Birmingham Mayor Arthur J Hanes dismissed their complaint as atypical reaction from New York Socialist radiccals","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","SponsorId":"becbe15c-72a7-4130-b8db-a12eaf26b3ab","IsSponsored":true,"SponsorName":"New York University","SmallSponsorLogoUrl":"24x24/nyu-logo.jpg","SponsorUrl":"https://www.nyu.edu","HasSmallSponsorLogo":true,"EffectiveDate":"1962-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1962,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":3062,"FactUId":"9cb61b66-f5d9-46bf-8d3f-024774ed5aab","Slug":"social-movement","FactType":"Event","Title":"Social Movement","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/social-movement","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Ras Tafari was proclaimed Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","SponsorId":"e42d645b-ba17-4d13-bfc2-d2671a5dbf45","IsSponsored":true,"SponsorName":"NSBE Boston","SmallSponsorLogoUrl":"24x24/nsbe-logo.png","SponsorUrl":"https://www.nsbeboston.org/","HasSmallSponsorLogo":true,"EffectiveDate":"1930-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1930,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":3553,"FactUId":"2a62f449-1b4e-42a6-a246-1b34104e4b8f","Slug":"ras-tafari-was-proclaimed-emperor-haile-selassie-of-ethiopia","FactType":"Event","Title":"Ras Tafari was proclaimed Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/ras-tafari-was-proclaimed-emperor-haile-selassie-of-ethiopia","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"In 1968, on this date, Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his final address at Bishop Charles J. Mason Temple in Memphis, Tennessee.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1968-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1968,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":3569,"FactUId":"9e432903-fa62-4f2d-ab99-c21c50dd8460","Slug":"ive-been-to-the-mountaintop","FactType":"Event","Title":"I\u0027ve Been To The Mountaintop","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/ive-been-to-the-mountaintop","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"In the following account Professor Malik Simba\u00A0of California State University, Fresno, describes the century-long histry of the largest organized body dedicated to the research and promotion of African American history.\nThe Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) is the oldest and largest historical society established for the promotion of African American history.\u00A0 Carter Godwin Woodson founded it as the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH) in 1915.\u00A0 The name was\u00A0 later changed to the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History in 1972.\u00A0 The Associations\u2018\u00A0 mission statement describes its purpose to promote, research, preserve, interpret, and disseminate information about Black life, history and culture to the global community.\u0026rdquo;\u00A0 The Association\u2019s vision statement still refers to itself as \u0026ldquo;the premier Black heritage learned society\u2026[which]will continue the Carter G. Woodson legacy.\u0026rdquo; \u00A0 \nDr. Woodson, known as the father of Negro History, created two publications in support of the ASNLH, the Journal of Negro History and\u00A0 the Negro History Bulletin.\u00A0 In 1926 he initiated the national campaign to celebrate black history through annual Negro History Week observances.\u00A0 Woodson purposely chose the second week in February between the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass.\u00A0 Woodson explaining that in\u00A0 publicizing the\u00A0 records, contributions, and accomplishments of Black people, the Association\u2019s aim \u0026ldquo;\u2026is not spectacular propaganda or fire-eating agitation.\u00A0 Nothing can be accomplished in such fashion\u2026The aim of this organization is to set forth facts in scientific form, facts properly set forth will tell their own story.\u0026rdquo; \u00A0 \nLeaning strongly on historical objectivity as a change agent for race relations progress, Woodson was a product of his time, place, and experience.\u00A0 The themes of the annual ASNLH meetings\u00A0 were driven by Woodson\u2019s\u00A0 personal history as a son of ex-slaves, a child laborer in West Virginia coal mines, a older high","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/asalh_headquarters__washington__d_c.jpg","ImageHeight":350,"ImageWidth":243,"ImageOrientation":"portrait","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"de2ecbf0-5aa4-45ce-bbf9-9a6ac45f6ac8","SourceName":"Black Past","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.blackpast.org/","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1950-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1950,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","LastUpdatedBy":"ExtractionBotHub","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":5119,"FactUId":"f697c221-fc8c-4d2b-9db7-21172b08f4b7","Slug":"the-association-for-the-study-of-african-american-life-and-history-a-brief-history","FactType":"Event","Title":"The Association for the Study of African American Life and History: A Brief History","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/the-association-for-the-study-of-african-american-life-and-history-a-brief-history","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"The following speech, a sermon Dr. Martin Luther King gave at Mason Temple in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 3, 1968, was the last public appearance before his assassination the next day.\u00A0 King, in Memphis to support a strike by garbage workers, gives a poignant vision of the victorious future of the civil rights struggle, but without him there to witness its final triumph.\u00A0 To many in the audience and beyond, King\u2019s speech seemed to predict his own death\nThank you very kindly, my friends. As I listened to Ralph Abernathy and his eloquent and generous introduction and then thought about myself, I wondered who he was talking about. Its always good to have your closest friend and associate to say something good about you. And Ralph Abernathy is the best friend that I have in the world. Im delighted to see each of you here tonight in spite of a storm warning. You reveal that you are determined to go on anyhow. \nSomething is happening in Memphis; something is happening in our world. And you know, if I were standing at the beginning of time, with the possibility of taking a kind of general and panoramic view of the whole of human history up to now, and the Almighty said to me, Martin Luther King, which age would you like to live in? I would take my mental flight by Egypt and I would watch Gods children in their magnificent trek from the dark dungeons of Egypt through, or rather across the Red Sea, through the wilderness on toward the promised land. And in spite of its magnificence, I wouldnt stop there.\nI would move on by Greece and take my mind to Mount Olympus. And I would see Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Euripides and Aristophanes assembled around the Parthenon. And I would watch them around the Parthenon as they discussed the great and eternal issues of reality. But I wouldnt stop there.\nI would go on, even to the great heyday of the Roman Empire. And I would see developments around there, through various emperors and leaders. But I wouldnt stop there.\nI would even come up to the day of the Renaissance, and","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/king_last_sermon.jpg","ImageHeight":348,"ImageWidth":450,"ImageOrientation":"landscape","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"de2ecbf0-5aa4-45ce-bbf9-9a6ac45f6ac8","SourceName":"Black Past","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.blackpast.org/","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1968-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1968,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","LastUpdatedBy":"ExtractionBotHub","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":5331,"FactUId":"c3a29eb1-8d6a-49d0-a87c-baff1896bffa","Slug":"1968-martin-luther-king-jr-i-ve-been-to-the-mountaintop","FactType":"Event","Title":"(1968) Martin Luther King, Jr., \u201CI\u2019ve Been to the Mountaintop\u201D","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/1968-martin-luther-king-jr-i-ve-been-to-the-mountaintop","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"The daughter of college graduates, Mabel M. Smythe-Haith is so far the only black American woman who was named a U.S. ambassador after her husband had earlier served in the same capacity.\u00A0 Mabel Murphy was born into a family of four siblings on April 3, 1918 in Montgomery, Alabama. At age 15 she entered Spelman College, then an all-black school for women in Atlanta, Georgia, where she was soon named an editor for the Campus Mirror and a choir member. \nMurphy transferred to Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts and completed her bachelor\u2019s degree there in 1937. Two years later she married Hugh H. Smythe, whom she had first met in Atlanta. Their union produced a daughter, Karen Pamela Smythe. \nAcquisition of a master\u2019s degree from Northwestern University and a Ph.D. in economics and law from the University of Wisconsin prepared Smythe to teach briefly at three historically black institutions, Fort Valley Normal and Industrial Institute (now Fort Valley State University) in Georgia, Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri, and Tennessee A\u0026amp;I University (now Tennessee State University) in Nashville, Tennessee between 1937 and 1939.\u00A0 Subsequently Murphy taught at Brooklyn College in New York, Shiga University in Japan, where she learned the Japanese language, and finally Northwestern University, from which she retired in 1985 as the Melville J. Herskovits Professor and Director of African Studies. In retirement she was a guest scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.\nSmythe had also worked as a deputy director of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, where she helped Thurgood Marshall in preparing the monumental Brown v. Board of Education desegregation case. She and her husband, Hugh, assisted James H. Robinson in launching Operation Crossroads Africa in 1958, a forerunner of and inspiration for the U.S. Peace Corps. She also served as a delegate to the 13th General Conference of UNESCO in 1964, a consultant for Encyclopedia Britannica; and Director and as Vice President of the","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/www.blackpast.org/files/ambassador_hugh_smythe_and_wife__damascus__syrian_arab_republic__1965.jpg","ImageHeight":298,"ImageWidth":325,"ImageOrientation":"landscape","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"de2ecbf0-5aa4-45ce-bbf9-9a6ac45f6ac8","SourceName":"Black Past","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.blackpast.org/","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1918-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1918,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","LastUpdatedBy":"ExtractionBotHub","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":6815,"FactUId":"8615cc53-6461-449f-a9a1-081617da5c4d","Slug":"smythe-haith-mabel-murphy-1918-2006","FactType":"Event","Title":"Smythe-Haith, Mabel Murphy (1918-2006)","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/smythe-haith-mabel-murphy-1918-2006","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Death of Carter G. Woodson (74), father of Black history, Washington, D.C.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/2019/11/5f5a7a48-f1aa-4b2d-9e4e-bd944dfac8441.png","ImageHeight":300,"ImageWidth":234,"ImageOrientation":"portrait","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","SponsorId":"fa2f9afd-7089-4f75-b6cc-7310752048d0","IsSponsored":true,"SponsorName":"Diversity In Action","SmallSponsorLogoUrl":"24x24/DiversityInAction-Logo-24.jpg","SponsorUrl":"https://diversityinaction.net/","HasSmallSponsorLogo":true,"EffectiveDate":"1950-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1950,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":414,"FactUId":"93f6912d-7024-40c7-adbe-6cb8824a871c","Slug":"death-of-carter-g-woodson","FactType":"Event","Title":"Death of Carter G. 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H. \nWindow Ventilator for Railroad Cars \nApr. 03, 1883 \nPatent No.275,271","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1883-04-03T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1883,"Month":4,"Day":3,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":698,"FactUId":"c2e087a4-6225-463e-9563-7dfcf82eb864","Slug":"h-h-reynolds-patents-ventilator-for-rail-car","FactType":"Event","Title":"H.H. reynolds patents Ventilator for rail car","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/h-h-reynolds-patents-ventilator-for-rail-car","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"}],"Uri":"https://widgets.blackfacts.com/widgets/51eaaa67-9484-41df-96ca-923a28251387/today?callback=bfCallback1743637454637","SiteRoot":"https://blackfacts.com","ApiUsage":0,"Cached":true,"StartTime":"2025-04-03T14:28:40.3090676Z","Elapsed":"00:00:00.6190707"})