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Black population: 3,638,808 (15.7 per cent).","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","SponsorId":"c774164e-1b1a-4b35-8157-9ce64ec2e2c6","IsSponsored":true,"SponsorName":"Prospanica Boston Professional Chapter","SmallSponsorLogoUrl":"24x24/prospanica-logo.png","SponsorUrl":"https://www.prospanica.org/members/group.aspx?code=Boston","HasSmallSponsorLogo":true,"EffectiveDate":"1850-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1850,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":3212,"FactUId":"19c2ef44-37fb-4fd6-9359-206c03f8809f","Slug":"united-states-population-23-191-876","FactType":"Event","Title":"United States Population:  23,191,876","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/united-states-population-23-191-876","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Born a slave in 1819 in Natchez, Mississippi, Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield had little reason to dream of the life that would eventually become her own.\u00A0 Because of a series of unlikely circumstances and her own relentless efforts she would eventually become known as the first African American singer to gain recognition in both Europe and the United States. \nLong before her life of fame, the child Elizabeth was taken to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by a Quaker who had freed her slaves.\u00A0 Continuing to serve the Mistress for whom she had been named, Elizabeth acted as a maid and companion.\u00A0 She also provided entertainment for the guests of her elderly namesake.\u00A0 Upon the death of her Mistress, Greenfield supported herself by giving public and private performances. Greenfield soon gained recognition throughout the Northeast for her performances.\u00A0 She was dubbed The Black Swan. \nIn 1853, Greenfield traveled to Europe for engagements in England, Scotland, and Ireland. When an unscrupulous manager abandoned her in London, penniless Greenfield took matters into her own hands.\u00A0 Seeking out a prominent fellow countrywoman also traveling in London, Elizabeth introduced herself to Harriet Beecher Stowe.\u00A0 With Stowe\u2019s help Greenfield was soon performing for English gentry. Before returning to the U.S. she sang in Buckingham Palace in a command performance for Queen Victoria. \nDuring the Civil War Elizabeth Greenfield appeared alongside speakers such as Frederick Douglass and Frances E.W. Harper.\u00A0 She also traveled throughout the country raising funds for various colored aged and orphan societies.\u00A0 Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield died in Philadelphia on March 31, 1876.\nSources:\nNo Author Given, The Black Swan at Home and Abroad; or A BiographicalSketch of Miss Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield (Philadelphia: W.S. Young,Printer, 1855); Edward T. and Janet W. James, eds., Notable AmericanWomen: 1607-1950; A Biographical Dictionary Vol. II (Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press, 1971), pp. 87-89.\n      University of Vermont         \nEntry","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/elizabeth_taylor_greenfield.jpg","ImageHeight":500,"ImageWidth":405,"ImageOrientation":"portrait","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"de2ecbf0-5aa4-45ce-bbf9-9a6ac45f6ac8","SourceName":"Black Past","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.blackpast.org/","SponsorId":"c0ecc1a0-0e1a-48a4-8c15-e9affaab713b","IsSponsored":true,"SponsorName":"BARBinc","SmallSponsorLogoUrl":"24x24/barbinc-logo.png","SponsorUrl":"http://www.barbinc.com","HasSmallSponsorLogo":true,"EffectiveDate":"1876-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1876,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","LastUpdatedBy":"ExtractionBotHub","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":7299,"FactUId":"f29d0238-e798-417d-8e69-3a90f2c10dcf","Slug":"greenfield-elizabeth-taylor-1819-1876","FactType":"Event","Title":"Greenfield, Elizabeth Taylor (1819-1876)","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/greenfield-elizabeth-taylor-1819-1876","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"William T. Coleman, Jr., a prominent Republican lawyer and businessman, served as Secretary of Transportation under President Gerald Ford.\u00A0 Born in 1920 to a middle class Philadelphia, Pennsylvania family, Coleman attended a segregated elementary school.\u00A0 When he moved to Germantown High School he confronted racism as one of only seven blacks in the school.\u00A0 Teachers thought his good grades would lead to a career as a chauffeur.\u00A0 Coleman had other plans; he wanted to be a lawyer.\nColeman, an undergraduate member of Phi Beta Kappa, graduated summa cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania in 1941.\u00A0 He then entered Harvard Law School, but left after a year to join the United States Army Air Corps.\u00A0 After World War II, Coleman returned to law school, and became the first African American to serve on the Harvard Law Review.\u00A0 He graduated magna cum laude in 1946.\u00A0 Initially no large law firms would hire Coleman because he was black, so he landed his first job as a United States appellate court law clerk.\u00A0 In 1948 William T. Coleman became the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s first black law clerk.\u00A0 He married Lovida Hardin in 1945.\nAfter clerking for the Supreme Court, in 1949 Coleman joined the first of what would be a series of high profile law firms.\u00A0 While working in New York, he met Thurgood Marshall.\u00A0 Over the next few years the two worked together arguing a series of cases to lay groundwork for an assault on school segregation.\u00A0 Coleman coauthored the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People\u2019s (NAACP) brief for Brown v. Board of Education and accompanied Marshall to oral arguments at the Supreme Court in 1954.\u00A0 Coleman remained active in civil rights throughout his career.\u00A0 He argued McLaughlin v. Florida (overturning prohibitions on interracial cohabitation) in 1964 and Bob Jones University v. U.S. (upholding the government\u2019s power to revoke the tax-exempt status of discriminatory religious institutions) in 1983. \u00A0\nColeman became a presidential adviser in 1959 when he accepted President Dwight","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/coleman_william.jpg","ImageHeight":350,"ImageWidth":350,"ImageOrientation":"portrait","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"de2ecbf0-5aa4-45ce-bbf9-9a6ac45f6ac8","SourceName":"Black Past","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.blackpast.org/","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"2017-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":2017,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","LastUpdatedBy":"ExtractionBotHub","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":8143,"FactUId":"72348bf0-04fc-4c01-819f-0023e6cb06d1","Slug":"coleman-william-t-jr-1920-2017","FactType":"Event","Title":"Coleman, William T. 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At the turn of the 21st century, newly discovered documents suggesting that Equiano may have been born in North America raised questions, still unresolved, about whether his accounts of Africa and the Middle Passage are based on memory, reading, or a combination of the two.\nAccording to his own account, Equiano was kidnapped at age 11 and taken to the West Indies. From there he went to Virginia, where he was purchased by a sea captain, Michael Henry Pascal, with whom he traveled widely. He received some education before he bought his own freedom in 1766. After he settled in England, he became an active abolitionist, agitating and lecturing against the cruelty of British slave owners in Jamaica. He briefly was commissary to Sierra Leone for the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor; his concerns for the settlers\u2014some 500 to 600 freed slaves\u2014and for their ill treatment before their journey ultimately led to his replacement.\nPublication of his autobiography was aided by British abolitionists, including Hannah More, Josiah Wedgwood, and John Wesley, who were collecting evidence on the sufferings of slaves. In that book and in his later Miscellaneous Verses\u2026 (1789), he idealizes Africa and shows great pride in the African way of life, while attacking those Africans who trafficked in slavery (a perspective further shown by his setting forth not only the injustices and humiliations endured by slaves but also his own experience of kindness, that of his master and a community of English","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/media1.britannica.com/eb-media/51/73451-004-db661a13.jpg","ImageHeight":400,"ImageWidth":564,"ImageOrientation":"landscape","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"80689a34-9b7c-4d3a-91f8-56cabb44f365","SourceName":"Brittanica","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/search?query=black%20history","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1797-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1797,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","LastUpdatedBy":"ExtractionBotHub","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":10106,"FactUId":"1f2c8fdb-7716-459f-916a-7d5bebec39e6","Slug":"olaudah-equiano","FactType":"Event","Title":"Olaudah Equiano","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/olaudah-equiano","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Jack Johnson, the first African American and first Texan to win the heavyweight boxing championship of the world, was born the second of six children to Henry and Tiny Johnson in Galveston on March 31, 1878.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageUrl":"https://cdn.blackfacts.com/uploads/blackfacts/facts/www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/jack_johnson.jpg","ImageHeight":401,"ImageWidth":300,"ImageOrientation":"portrait","HasImage":true,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"de2ecbf0-5aa4-45ce-bbf9-9a6ac45f6ac8","SourceName":"Black Past","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://www.blackpast.org/","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1878-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1878,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":18153,"FactUId":"b586f156-f688-49ac-8a6f-30f118bc94a3","Slug":"johnson-jack-1878-1946--birthday","FactType":"Event","Title":"Johnson, Jack (1878-1946) - 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His Medal of Horor was presented in 1902.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1901-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1901,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":3449,"FactUId":"5f5da032-4f1b-4234-803e-d5ea473f5996","Slug":"navy-seaman-alphonse-girandy-wins-medal-of-honor","FactType":"Event","Title":"Navy Seaman Alphonse Girandy wins Medal of Honor","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/navy-seaman-alphonse-girandy-wins-medal-of-honor","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Death of Jesse Owens (66), who won four gold medals at the Berlin Olympics, 1936, in Tuscon, Arizona.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1980-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1980,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":1302,"FactUId":"6552d5f3-4f56-49fe-ad22-0fd431bd9651","Slug":"death-of-jesse-owens-gold-medalits","FactType":"Event","Title":"Death of Jesse Owens, Gold Medalits","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/death-of-jesse-owens-gold-medalits","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Laurian\n Rugambwa\n of Tanzania\n becomes the\n first black\n Roman\n Catholic\n Cardinal.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","SponsorId":"9e027dc1-0367-446b-87cb-8aff0ebac676","IsSponsored":true,"SponsorName":"Concerned Black Men of Massachusetts","SmallSponsorLogoUrl":"24x24/cbmm-logo.jpg","SponsorUrl":"https://www.cbmm.net","HasSmallSponsorLogo":true,"EffectiveDate":"1960-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1960,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":1513,"FactUId":"cfd76249-f260-4843-a3d9-1050336a8486","Slug":"laurian-rugambwa","FactType":"Event","Title":"LaurianRugambwa","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/laurian-rugambwa","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Succession of suspicious fires and reports of slave conspiracies created hysteria in New York in March and April. Thirty-one slaves and five whites were executed.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","IsSponsored":false,"HasSmallSponsorLogo":false,"EffectiveDate":"1741-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1741,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":1907,"FactUId":"2af6499e-0773-4b33-9778-14acc105ba5b","Slug":"slave-conspiracies-and-fires-cause-hysteria","FactType":"Event","Title":"Slave conspiracies and fires cause Hysteria","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/slave-conspiracies-and-fires-cause-hysteria","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"Henry Ossian Flipper, the first African American graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, was born in Thomasville, Georgia. Enduring heavy racism during his schooling, Flipper went on to establish a military career. This was ended however after he was falsely accused of embezzling funds.","MaxDetailCharacters":0,"ImageHeight":0,"ImageWidth":0,"ImageOrientation":"none","HasImage":false,"CssClass":"","Layout":"","Rowspan":1,"Colspan":1,"Likes":0,"Shares":0,"ContentSourceId":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000","SourceName":"Blackfacts.com","ContentSourceRootUrl":"https://blackfacts.com","SponsorId":"c774164e-1b1a-4b35-8157-9ce64ec2e2c6","IsSponsored":true,"SponsorName":"Prospanica Boston Professional Chapter","SmallSponsorLogoUrl":"24x24/prospanica-logo.png","SponsorUrl":"https://www.prospanica.org/members/group.aspx?code=Boston","HasSmallSponsorLogo":true,"EffectiveDate":"1856-03-31T00:00:00","HasEffectiveDate":true,"Year":1856,"Month":3,"Day":31,"LastUpdatedDate":"2023-11-25T05:14:39.027","IsEditable":false,"InsertAd":false,"Id":1944,"FactUId":"a04eef7c-f446-42a3-8eb3-7e0be57b3899","Slug":"henry-ossian-flipper-the-first-african-american-graduate-of-the-u-s-military-a","FactType":"Event","Title":"Henry Ossian Flipper, the first African American graduate of the U.S. Military A","LocalFactUrl":"/fact/henry-ossian-flipper-the-first-african-american-graduate-of-the-u-s-military-a","ResultCount":-1,"SearchType":"Today"},{"FadeSummary":false,"SummaryText":"President Hoover nominated Judge John J. 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